Mindanao is the center of the Philippines' large-scale metallic mining industry, hosting some of the country's largest deposits of nickel, gold, copper, and chromite. Major mining provinces include Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Davao de Oro, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, Misamis Oriental, and Agusan del Sur. Despite mining operations being concentrated in Mindanao, regulatory authority remains centralized under the national government only granting consultative roles to the local government. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), through the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), has the exclusive authority to approve large-scale mining projects, issue permits and contracts, enforce environmental and safety standards, and oversee compliance with the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942).

Ambiguity tolerance refers to an individual's capacity to navigate and tolerate uncertain or unclear situations without experiencing undue stress or anxiety. It involves embracing complexity, adapting to change, and maintaining open-minded approach to ambiguous circumstances.

Therapy speak is the use of psychological and clinical language (such as "love bombing," "gaslighting," or radical validation) in everyday, non-clinical conversations.

The Ottawa Convention, also referred to as the "Mine Ban Treaty," prohibits the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines (APLs). It requires states-parties to destroy their stockpiled APLs within four years and eliminate all APL holdings, including mines currently planted in the soil, within 10 years. By the end of 2025, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland formally began the procedure to withdraw from the Ottawa Treaty.

For the purposes of this debate, the developmental state model is a system where the government actively guides and plans economic growth. Key features include strong state intervention, strategic industrial policies, and a capable bureaucracy. It was famously used to drive rapid modernization in post-war East Asia.

The depoliticisation of queer media is the process by which LGBTQ+ stories are sanitized, or stripped of their radical political messaging. Instead of challenging systemic inequalities, discrimination, or legal inequities, these narratives are adapted to fit mainstream media